What would our world seem like if folks relied much less on medicines and drugs, and extra on social actions, private development and self-development? The UK is presently present process two main inhabitants well being shifts: growing well being challenges amongst an ageing inhabitants, and deteriorating psychological well being in youthful generations. Collectively, these developments are growing stress on the UK’s psychological healthcare system and driving better reliance on medicine. Prescribed drugs stay the usual therapy for a lot of bodily and psychological well being circumstances. Whereas efficient in lots of circumstances, they’re usually seen as ‘treating signs moderately than the trigger’. In consequence, if people return to the identical social surroundings that contributed to their sickness, they’re more likely to grow to be unwell once more.
For many years, analysis has proven that 70% of well being outcomes are attributed to social, financial and behavioural causes (Hood et al., 2016). This has led to a gradual concentrate on social prescribing, a type of care that refers folks to non-medical assist and companies (together with arts and tradition, heritage, pure surroundings, bodily exercise, and recommendation and knowledge) in native communities, to handle social wants and enhance well being and wellbeing. Though social prescribing has been rolled out for over 30 years, it was unclear whether or not social prescribing was supplied equally throughout demographics. Research by Fancourt & Steptoe (2025) and Bu et al. (2025) had been designed to discover this.
Think about a world the place folks relied much less on medicines and drugs, and extra on social actions, private development and self-development.
Strategies
Two latest research, utilizing completely different information sources, seemed into the patterns and predictors of social prescribing:
- The primary paper makes use of information from the English Longitudinal Examine of Ageing (ELSA), a nationally consultant cohort research of adults aged 50+ who reported their expertise with social prescribing in 2021-23 (N=7,000) (Fancourt & Steptoe, 2025).
- The second paper makes use of information from the Medical Apply Analysis Datalink (CPRD), a analysis information service that collects anonymised affected person information from over 2,000 GP practices throughout the UK (through which the research centered on England – protecting over 20% of GPs in 2009-2023; N=1.2m) (Bu et al., 2025).
Whereas the ELSA research analysed information based mostly on individuals’ survey responses, the CPRD research analysed information aggregately utilizing all information with a medical code associated to social prescribing. Single-level regressions evaluation, multi-level regression evaluation and development curve modelling had been used to grasp the patterns and predictors of social prescribing.
Outcomes
Traits and patterns
The CPRD information present that social prescribing started to extend quickly and steadily following its formal integration into the NHS Lengthy Time period Plan in 2019 (NHS England, n.d.). Progress trajectories prompt that the rise of social prescribing was virtually linear since 2019, growing by roughly 126 consultations or 61 sufferers per GP apply annually. In 2023, there have been round 544 consultations and 278 sufferers associated to social prescribing per apply. Primarily based on what the researchers discovered of their pattern, they estimated that round 1.6 to 1.9 million sufferers would have social prescribing recorded throughout all 6,311 GP practices in England in 2023. This equates to round 8.8 to 10 million consultations together with any discussions of social prescribing from 2019 to the tip of 2023, of which, 5.2-5.9 million had social prescribing codes particularly indicating that referrals came about.
Utilizing information from ELSA, researchers discovered that train courses had been essentially the most frequent intervention of social prescribing, adopted by arts teams, nature-based actions, and grownup studying.
Who was almost certainly to be referred to social prescription?
Utilizing information type ELSA, outcomes from regression fashions prompt that referrals had been extra frequent for people who had been older, these with recognized psychiatric circumstances and above-threshold depressive signs, and people with cardiovascular circumstances, diabetes, and power ache. Individuals who had been lonely had been twice as more likely to be referred, though martial standing and frequency of social contact weren’t associated. Equally, these from the bottom wealth tertile had been extra more likely to obtain referrals, as had been people receiving advantages. Nonetheless, no affiliation was discovered for the degrees of space deprivation, academic attainment, city dwelling, or working standing. Behaviourally, people who had been bodily inactive had been almost certainly to obtain referrals. The social patterning of social prescribing uptake (moderately than simply referral) produced very related findings.
When taking a look at referrals additional time between 2017 and 2023, the CPRD research confirmed that females had been persistently overrepresented in social prescribing consultations, whereas sufferers from ethnic minority backgrounds confirmed a gradual improve since 2020, accounting for round 1 in 5 consultations in 2023. There was additionally a slight improve within the proportion of youthful adults receiving social prescribing since 2020. Equally, the proportion of individuals dwelling in disadvantaged areas who accessed social prescribing elevated from 12.5% of referrals in 2017 to 25.7% in 2023 amongst the highest 30% most disadvantaged areas. Solely round 13% of referrals had been for people from rural areas.
Who was almost certainly to refuse social prescription?
Utilizing information from CPRD, 22.2% of sufferers had refused social prescribing service, which declined to 10.6% in 2021 and remained steady since. Notably, in 2019, affected person (moderately than apply) traits appeared to play an more and more vital function in service refusal. Outcomes from regression fashions prompt that social prescribing refusal was extra frequent amongst older adults, males and people of white ethnicity. Over time, sufferers from much less disadvantaged areas had grow to be much less more likely to refuse.
Researchers estimated that round 1.6 to 1.9 million sufferers would have entry to social prescription throughout all 6,311 GP practices in England in 2023.
Conclusions
These two research spotlight the quick growth of social prescribing, with referrals surpassing nationwide targets of 900,000 sufferers by 2023-24 (NHS England n.d.). Such improve exhibits the clear urge for food for social prescribing, particularly in main care, and that social prescribing has the potential to succeed in people from deprived backgrounds. Nonetheless, entry to social prescribing stays unequal, with folks from sure demographic teams extra more likely to obtain referrals, to participate, or to refuse. Guaranteeing equitable entry to social prescribing is important for it to function a device in addressing the social determinants of well being.
Social prescribing has been quickly increasing through the years, surpassing nationwide targets, but entry stays unequal.
Strengths and limitations
The 2 research, drawing on completely different information sources, have properly complemented one another. As an example, whereas ELSA centered on common social prescription (so not simply these referred by GPs) reported by individuals and solely presently has one wave of knowledge, CPRD had been longitudinally monitoring social prescribing information utilizing main care information (so offering a extra goal measure). ELSA permits for comparisons between those that obtained social prescribing and people who didn’t, whereas the CPRD research was restricted to sufferers with social prescribing medical codes, making comparisons not possible. Additional, ELSA incorporates information on prescribed interventions, which aren’t captured within the CPRD. But, CPRD has a a lot bigger pattern for researchers to establish patterns and predictors of social prescribing refusal, which isn’t potential in ELSA as a consequence of a small pattern dimension reporting social prescribing referral. Such analysis triangulation by way of completely different information sources has enabled researchers to discover the developments, patterns, and predictors of social prescribing extra comprehensively, whereas mitigating the shortcomings inherent in particular person datasets.
Regardless of this, each research have some frequent limitations. As an example, whereas they helped monitor and monitor the implementation of social prescribing at each native and nationwide ranges, utilizing giant and nationally consultant samples, each ELSA and CPRD information presently lack element in social prescribing on referral causes and affected person outcomes. This has prevented researchers from gaining a nuanced understanding of social prescribing’s attain and effectiveness. Significantly, it could be fascinating to match effectiveness each throughout completely different interventions (e.g. arts teams vs train) inside social prescribing and between social prescribing and medical prescriptions, and the way lengthy the impacts will be noticed for.
Additional, a number of key questions stay unanswered:
- What number of instances have sufferers been referred to social prescribing?
- What number of periods have they attended?
- Why have some folks declined the social prescribing supply?
- Do social prescribing referrals made by GPs have greater uptake charges?
Solutions to those questions will additional improve our understanding on the scalability and feasibility of social prescribing.
These two research, drawing on completely different information sources, present a complete image of patterns and predictors of social prescribing, but some key questions stay to be answered.
Implications for apply
Social prescribing has been lengthy recognised instead or complementary strategy to medical therapy, providing a personalised strategy geared toward addressing the social determinants of well being. Proof from these two research highlights the fast growth and broad attain of social prescribing throughout England, indicating that individuals from much less advantaged backgrounds are additionally more and more accessing and fascinating with this strategy. This growth displays two rising developments: first, a rising emphasis on integrating psychological, social and biomedical approaches to bettering well being; and second, a shift in therapy focus, from restoration to fostering social connectedness and self-empowerment. Nonetheless, the findings from these research additionally spotlight two key concerns that require additional consideration.
Firstly, though GP apply just isn’t the one referral pathway for social prescribing, sufferers are almost certainly to go to their GPs once they really feel unwell. On this context, it could be priceless to discover whether or not GP referrals would possibly result in greater uptake of social prescribing in comparison with different forms of referrals, and why some GPs are extra seemingly than others to refer sufferers to social prescribing. Future analysis ought to examine the effectiveness of social prescribing, in addition to individual- and neighbourhood-level components influencing its uptake and long-term adherence amongst sufferers.
Secondly, though social prescribing reaches some much less advantaged people, entry stays unequal. To democratise social prescribing entry and engagement, reforms in well being and cultural insurance policies are wanted. Coverage initiatives may embody growing monetary assist for third-sector neighborhood teams to boost the provision and high quality of numerous native actions prescribed to sufferers, in addition to elevating public consciousness of the advantages of social prescribing.
Healthcare fashions proceed to evolve, however their final aim ought to be to allow people to reside independently and lead fulfilling lives with out counting on medicine. Social prescribing could also be a strategy to assist this.
The final word aim of healthcare fashions ought to be to allow people to reside independently and lead fulfilling lives with out counting on medicine. Social prescribing could also be a key strategy to assist this.
Assertion of pursuits
The creator of this weblog works with among the researchers concerned within the research, however was not concerned on this piece of labor.
Hyperlinks
Main papers
Bu, F., Burton, A., Launders, N., Taylor, A. E., Richards-Belle, A., Tierney, S., Osborn, D., & Fancourt, D. (2025). Nationwide roll-out of social prescribing in England’s main care system: a longitudinal observational research utilizing Medical Apply Analysis Datalink information. The Lancet Public Well being, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00217-8
Fancourt, D., & Steptoe, A. (2025). Can social prescribing attain sufferers most in want? Patterns of (in)equalities in referrals in a consultant cohort of older adults in England. Views in Public Well being, 145(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139251330767
Different references
Hood, C. M., Gennuso, Okay. P., Swain, G. R., & Catlin, B. B. (2016). County Well being Rankings: Relationships between Determinant Elements and Well being Outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medication, 50(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.024
NHS England » Social prescribing. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 January 2020, from https://www.england.nhs.uk/personalisedcare/social-prescribing/
