“Solely sure means sure” is greater than a slogan, and discussions on what that basically entails are extra pressing now than ever. In a world after #MeToo, it’s tempting to consider that the consent dialog is over, however it isn’t. Solely final yr, 1 in 3 European ladies reported having skilled sexual assault, underlining how important it stays to maintain talking about consent (European Union Company for Basic Rights et al., 2024).
For a lot of survivors, the impression doesn’t finish with the assault itself. Regardless of no clear medical trigger, diffuse bodily signs can proceed to happen years after the occasion. Analysis has persistently linked sexual assault with somatic syndromes akin to persistent widespread ache (Ulirsch et al., 2014), and traumatic activation of the stress system can alter neurosensory processing in lasting methods (Quick et al., 2022).
Constructing on this proof, a brand new landmark examine from the Danish DanFunD cohort instantly examined whether or not sexual assault will increase the chance of growing useful somatic dysfunction (FSD) – an umbrella prognosis encompassing Purposeful Symptomatic Syndromes (FSSs) like continual widespread ache (CWP), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and continual fatigue, that trigger substantial incapacity with out identifiable natural causes (Burton et al., 2020; Jacobsen et al., 2025).
Sexual assault has lasting results, and this examine asks whether or not these results embody the next danger of long-term useful somatic issues.
Strategies
The authors used information from a big Danish cohort examine to research the lifetime historical past of sexual assault at baseline (n = 7493) and see the way it influences the chance for useful somatic dysfunction (FSD) in a 5-year follow-up (n = 4288). FSD signs had been clustered into cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and fatigue. In addition they differentiated between single-organ and multiorgan FSD. Ten covariates had been chosen, together with organic intercourse, prior somatic illnesses, perceived stress.
Two most important questions had been assessed:
- Query 1: Does sexual assault elevate your danger for useful somatic dysfunction?
- Query 2: Do survivors of sexual assault expertise the next frequency and/or extra extreme incident somatic signs than people not uncovered to sexual assault (i.e., extra signs, and/or worse ones)?
Outcomes
Query 1: Does sexual assault elevate your danger for useful somatic dysfunction?
The brief reply is sure.
- Unadjusted analyses confirmed clear hyperlinks between reporting sexual assault (SA) at baseline and the event of FSD over the 5-year follow-up.
- Adjusting for covariates solely strengthened the case, exhibiting that having skilled SA results in an elevated danger of growing FSD, FSS, in addition to single-organ FSD and CWP.
- Most intriguing is that they discovered a 6-fold elevated danger (RR 6.47) of growing multiorgan FSD. So, not solely does SA contribute to growing FSD and associated issues, nevertheless it additionally appears to lift one’s danger by fairly a big margin.
Query 2: Do sexual assault survivors expertise extra and/or worse signs?
Once more, the reply seems to be sure.
- Survivors of sexual assault (SA) reported the next frequency of signs throughout all 4 bodily clusters: basic/fatigue, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiopulmonary.
- In comparison with these with out assault publicity, survivors of SA additionally had an as much as 20% larger danger of growing ache of their joints, gastrointestinal signs like stomach ache and bloating, and overwhelming fatigue. These signs had been additionally typically reported as extra extreme.
The authors had been additionally within the query: does emotional misery make these bodily signs worse?
- Interplay analyses didn’t help this.
- Baseline emotional misery didn’t reasonable or amplify the SA-FSD connection – which means, the bodily dangers from trauma didn’t appear to be exacerbated by emotional state.
Sexual assault is related to long-term, typically excessive severity bodily symptom patterns that can’t be absolutely accounted for by emotional misery alone.
Conclusions
Total, this examine delivers a transparent message: sexual assault considerably raises the chance of useful somatic dysfunction (FSD) – spanning a number of bodily methods and growing the general burden of signs. Within the authors phrases:
The outcomes recommend that the implications of sexual assault lengthen throughout a number of organ methods, reflecting multiorgan involvement slightly than confinement to 1 organ system.
Whereas FSD signs are additionally a priority within the basic inhabitants, this examine highlighted that burden (together with the preliminary danger of improvement) is far larger in individuals who have been sexual assaulted. These conclusions stand in an extended line of proof linking traumatic experiences – like sexual assault – to the later improvement of continual ache (Bussières et al., 2023).
Traumatic experiences akin to sexual assault seem like linked with broader, multisystem useful signs later in life.
Strengths and limitations
Strengths
This examine tackles a crucial, well timed query with a population-based Danish cohort that cuts down on choice bias by spanning intercourse, age, and sociodemographics. The result – useful somatic dysfunction (FSD) – is outlined utilizing the Bodily Misery Syndrome (BDS) framework (Petersen et al., 2020), with subtypes akin to continual widespread ache (CWP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pooled to boost statistical energy (Petersen et al., 2020). The self-reports maintain up nicely, validated by clinician interviews in a subset. Complete confounder changes (e.g., intercourse, prior somatic illnesses, perceived stress), sensitivity analyses, sex-stratified outcomes, and a considerable pattern measurement additional enhance the robustness of the findings and strengthen the impression of reliability.
Weaknesses
The pattern’s restriction to Danish residents fluent in Danish limits generalisability and variety. The sexual assault (SA) evaluation relied on solely two gadgets from the Cumulative Lifetime Adversity Measure (Carstensen et al., 2020), doubtlessly overlooking nuanced experiences past their deal with compelled contact or intercourse. Emotional misery, a variable which will play an necessary position within the relationship of SA and FSD, was measured solely at baseline, neglecting that it might be of fluctuating nature. The low 5-year follow-up response price could overestimate FSD incidence, whereas the fastened timeline ignores SA timing, frequency and severity. BDS’s binary categorization (“bothered” vs not) might under-detect milder instances. The small male subsample precludes strong sex-specific insights, and symptom clustering slightly than particular person evaluation displays energy constraints of the examine. Notably, post-SA emotional responses had been unmeasured, introducing potential bias.
Total, the proof robustly hyperlinks sexual assault to useful somatic dysfunction, however methodological gaps in range, measurement nuance, and longitudinal depth warrant replication in broader cohorts.
This examine advantages from strong design and statistical energy, however is restricted by measurements that lacked nuance and poor pattern range.
Implications for apply
Coming again to the place we began: Consciousness and understanding of sexual assault remains to be urgently wanted. This examine makes painfully clear that the penalties will not be solely psychological, however may present up as a heavy, lengthy‑time period bodily burdens.
On the analysis aspect, the findings underline the necessity for bigger, extra various samples, together with extra males, and extra refined strategies of measurement. Future work ought to unpack totally different subtypes of useful somatic dysfunction and useful symptomatic syndromes, and discover their overlap with associated diagnoses akin to somatic symptom dysfunction. Additionally, extra work must be put into revealing the molecular foundation of those phenomena. Understanding the organic pathways underlying the emergence of issues following sexual assault is essential to bettering care and exploring attainable protecting components.
On the motion aspect, the message is equally clear: it isn’t sufficient to deal with the aftermath. There may be an pressing must sort out the foundation causes of sexual assault within the first place and to speculate critically in prevention, safety, and trauma‑knowledgeable care. Victims shouldn’t be left alone and be gaslit into believing it’s “all of their heads”.
As addressed to start with, 1 in 3 ladies has skilled some type of sexual assault. Even when it’s not you, it’s possible somebody near you. Elevating consciousness and fostering empathy is essential to shining a light-weight on this hidden epidemic – and our work to finish it.
One in three ladies experiences sexual assault. Lengthy-term bodily and psychological impacts of sexual assault demand higher analysis, prevention, and help for survivors.
Assertion of pursuits
Jennifer Reif wrote the primary draft of this weblog and has no competing pursuits to declare. Perplexity.ai was used for language refinement and textual content circulate enchancment.
Editor
Edited by Éimear Foley. AI instruments assisted with language refinement and formatting throughout the editorial section.
Hyperlinks
Main paper
Jacobsen, Sofie A., Petersen, Marie W., Wellnitz, Kaare B., Ørnbøl, Eva, Dantoft, Thomas M., Jørgensen, Torben, McLean, Samuel A., Frostholm, Lisbeth, & Carstensen, Tina B. W. (2025). Purposeful Somatic Problems in People With a Historical past of Sexual Assault. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3251
Different references
Burton, C., Fink, P., Henningsen, P., Löwe, B., Rief, W., & on behalf of the EURONET-SOMA Group. (2020). Purposeful somatic issues: Dialogue paper for a brand new widespread classification for analysis and scientific use. BMC Drugs, 18(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1505-4
Bussières, A., Hancock, M. J., Elklit, A., Ferreira, M. L., Ferreira, P. H., Stone, L. S., Wideman, T. H., Boruff, J. T., Al Zoubi, F., Chaudhry, F., Tolentino, R., & Hartvigsen, J. (2023). Adversarial childhood expertise is related to an elevated danger of reporting continual ache in maturity: A stystematic evaluate and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2284025. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2284025
Carstensen, T. B. W., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., Jørgensen, T., Dantoft, T. M., Madsen, A. L., Buhmann, C. C. B., Eplov, L. F., & Frostholm, L. (2020). Adversarial life occasions within the basic inhabitants—A validation of the cumulative lifetime adversity measure. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1717824. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1717824
European Union Company for Basic Rights, European Institute for Gender Equality, & European Fee (Hrsg.). (2024). EU gender-based violence survey: Key outcomes: experiences of girls within the 27 EU Member States. Publications Workplace. https://doi.org/10.2811/6270086
Petersen, M. W., Schröder, A., Jørgensen, T., Ørnbøl, E., Dantoft, T. M., Eliasen, M., Thuesen, B. H., & Fink, P. (2020). The unifying diagnostic assemble of bodily misery syndrome (BDS) was confirmed within the basic inhabitants. Journal of Psychosomatic Analysis, 128, 109868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109868
Quick, N. A., Tungate, A. S., Bollen, Okay. A., Sullivan, J., D’Anza, T., Lechner, M., Bell, Okay., Black, J., Buchanan, J., Reese, R., Ho, J. D., Reed, G. D., Platt, M. A., Riviello, R. J., Rossi, C. H., Martin, S. L., Liberzon, I., Rauch, S. A. M., Kessler, R. C., … McLean, S. A. (2022). Ache is widespread after sexual assault and posttraumatic arousal/reactivity signs mediate the event of latest or worsening persistent ache. Ache, 163(1), e121–e128. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.ache.0000000000002329
Ulirsch, J. c., Ballina, L. e., Soward, A. c., Rossi, C., Hauda, W., Holbrook, D., Wheeler, R., Foley, Okay. a., Batts, J., Collette, R., Goodman, E., & McLean, S. a. (2014). Ache and somatic signs are sequelae of sexual assault: Outcomes of a potential longitudinal examine. European Journal of Ache, 18(4), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00395.x
