No man is an island,
Complete of itself;
Each man is a bit of the continent,
Part of the primary.
To riff on the 17th Century poem by John Donne, ‘No youngster is an island’. No less than, it is a central thesis underpinning Brown and colleague’s 2025 paper during which they define an strategy to school-based wellbeing programmes that harness younger individuals’s relationships to 1 one other, their faculty, and their wider group.
The subject of school-based programmes to assist youngsters’s wellbeing is a well timed one given proof that 1 in 4 younger individuals in England has a possible psychological well being dysfunction (NHS England, 2024). This rise within the charge of psychological well being issues have led to calls from policymakers to embed psychological well being assist inside colleges.
Nonetheless, the determinants of psychological well being issues are advanced and multifaceted, working throughout a number of methods inside and outdoors colleges themselves. For instance, we all know late childhood and early adolescence is a interval of social reorientation during which younger individuals come to align their id with their peer group (learn Emily’s weblog to be taught extra) and programmes that assist younger individuals construct peer relationships can enhance their wellbeing (Veenstra & Laninga-Wijnen, 2022).
Cultural id – and the extent to which that is embraced or minoritised – may also affect psychological well being outcomes. On this paper, Brown and colleagues (2025) introduce their ‘Related Belonging’ mannequin, an strategy to highschool wellbeing methods that locations much less emphasis on particular person abilities and highlights younger individuals’s intersectional identities.
Relationships are key in adolescence, and Brown et al.’s (2025) Related Belonging mannequin place this on the centre.
Strategies
To introduce and assist their mannequin, the authors narratively summarise 4 research they beforehand performed earlier than outlining how these findings had been used to develop the Related Belongings mannequin. You will need to notice that the mannequin is predominantly primarily based on the findings from these 4 research, which embody:
- A rigorous, large-scale overview of schooling coverage throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Eire, offering an summary of present observe.
- A qualitative, photo-narrative research asking pupils’ views on school-based psychological well being programmes, performed throughout seven colleges in South East England.
- An Australian-based research evaluating school-based approaches to wellbeing, with themes derived in collaboration with the younger individuals collaborating within the interviews.
- An analysis of younger individuals prone to leaving schooling, and a trial of a co-designed intervention to assist these pupils
Nonetheless, Brown and colleagues do additionally draw on a variety of literature that corroborates their findings.
Outcomes
The Related Belonging mannequin places the younger particular person, and their particular person id, on the coronary heart of the strategy to school-based wellbeing programmes. This core element is surrounded by materials, relational and subjective dimensions that may both promote or hinder wellbeing. The mannequin is explicitly contrasted towards present approaches to highschool wellbeing programmes that concentrate on educating younger individuals abilities and competencies, similar to displaying ‘grit’ within the face of pressures inside their lives.
Moderately, by bettering younger individuals’s relationships to the methods that encompass and form them, the Related Belonging mannequin takes a extra holistic strategy to younger individuals’s wellbeing in colleges.
So, what are the size of the Related Belonging mannequin?
- College id, which describes the extent to which a teen feels a part of their faculty group. To successfully assist younger individuals’s faculty id, academic establishments ought to assist younger individuals develop a constructive id inside their research no matter studying kinds, aptitudes, talents and pursuits.
- Cultural id, which is younger individuals’s sense of their relationships to their background and tradition(s). Colleges can play an energetic function in nurturing this characteristic of younger individuals’s id by displaying understanding and sensitivity in the direction of completely different practices, beliefs and values, whereas guaranteeing these usually are not discriminated towards by workers or college students.
- Local people id, outlined as younger individuals’s place inside the space they reside in, however outdoors of their instant residence setting. The extent to which colleges interact with the local people, similar to partnering with group teams or educating native historical past, will be each a facilitator and barrier to this facet of younger individuals’s id.
- Place attachment, which in contrast to the opposite domains described to date, refers to younger individuals’s skill to establish a bodily location or area they really feel secure or really feel that they belong in, and is especially well timed in context of the decline in ‘third areas’ (Finlay et al., 2020). Colleges can themselves be these locations for younger individuals.
- Social id and the intersectional traits that replicate that younger particular person, together with their gender, sexuality, ethnicity, social class, diagnoses and life experiences (e.g., being care-experienced). Colleges’ roles in supporting the inclusion of all pupils can mitigate the multiplicative obstacles confronted by these from minoritized backgrounds.
- Peer group id, describing younger individuals’s connectedness to their peer group, and could also be supported by initiatives to cut back victimisation similar to bullying prevention programmes.
- Citizenship id, which is the extent to which younger individuals establish themselves as nationwide and international residents. The diploma to which colleges assist younger individuals’s engagement with nationwide and international points can affect this area of younger individuals’s id.
The Related Belonging mannequin is contrasted towards present approaches in colleges that concentrate on ‘grit’.
Conclusion
As a mannequin, Related Belonging locations the younger individuals on the centre of a fancy setting. Supporting younger individuals to navigate these completely different domains is proposed as a brand new and efficient strategy to school-based wellbeing programmes.
Nonetheless, whereas the Related Belonging mannequin proposes these domains are related to all younger individuals, it doesn’t ascribe the relative significance of those domains and acknowledges these could fluctuate throughout younger individuals. For instance, within the third of the 4 research used to derive this mannequin, Aboriginal younger individuals described their views on id formation and positioned better emphasis on place attachment to nature in comparison with younger individuals from the UK.
Whereas this strategy could assist the adaptability of the mannequin to younger individuals in numerous contexts, it could make it difficult to judge which elements of the mannequin enhance wellbeing, and whether or not every element contributes equally to adjustments in wellbeing.
Colleges can foster younger individuals’s relationships to completely different elements of their id. That is an strategy that colleges could need to contemplate adopting in relation to wellbeing.
Strengths and limitations
This paper is a complete define of a novel strategy to school-based wellbeing. It has a notable energy of drawing on separate our bodies of proof to substantiate the mannequin, together with a big coverage overview and qualitative proof from worldwide sources (which included Aboriginal younger people who find themselves sometimes underrepresented in research). This energy implies that proof is triangulated throughout completely different sources and reduces the probability the mannequin is biased to 1 explicit context or group of younger individuals. An additional benefit is that wellbeing is just not conceptualised as one thing restricted to colleges alone, and somewhat colleges play one (necessary!) half in younger individuals’s advanced lives.
Nonetheless, these strengths needs to be thought of in context of some notable limitations. First, the mannequin is derived from solely 4 research, regardless of there being an unlimited literature evaluating school-based approaches to psychological well being and wellbeing. This comparatively slim focus could miss different approaches to school-based psychological well being, similar to these that don’t depend on whole-school approaches.
As well as, no formal technique was specified when describing how the findings from these 4 research had been synthesised to develop the mannequin, which limits reproducibility and doesn’t present details about the extent to which the mannequin built-in the total knowledge from these research.
Additional, the paper lacks an outline of how this mannequin is perhaps formally examined towards present approaches to school-based wellbeing. An outline of the quantitative or qualitative strategies that would offer an empirical take a look at of this mannequin could be useful to check whether or not this mannequin does enhance college students’ wellbeing in comparison with present approaches.
It could even be attention-grabbing to think about the extent to which this mannequin would possibly generalize to different, non-mainstream faculty settings, similar to Pupil Referral Models that are settings for college students who want further assist resulting from behavioural points. Whether or not younger individuals with behavioural points contemplate these domains necessary to their wellbeing could be an attention-grabbing avenue to discover.
The Related Belonging mannequin is predominantly primarily based on 4 research, and it’s unclear within the paper how these findings had been synthesised to develop the mannequin.
Implications for observe
The Related Belonging mannequin gives an attention-grabbing alternate strategy to supporting younger individuals’s wellbeing inside the faculty setting and is a vital contribution to the literature given the function that colleges now play in early intervention and prevention.
Nonetheless, additional testing and analysis is required to higher perceive how this mannequin would possibly match into completely different education contexts, and its potential to be utilised inside analysis, coverage and observe. To do that, researchers may conduct analysis inside and between colleges to check associations between area energy and constructive psychological well being outcomes, figuring out the energy of impression and which domains appear to be most necessary in numerous contexts.
Based mostly on the findings from additional analysis, policymakers might have to think about shifting past narratives targeted on particular person resilience in the direction of approaches that concentrate on relationships and id. Nonetheless, if that is achieved, the change will must be knowledgeable by engagement with stakeholders, together with younger individuals, dad and mom, lecturers, clinicians, and researchers.
Lastly, lecturers and faculty workers could need to contemplate figuring out which domains of id are inspired of their settings, and which is perhaps additional supported.
Ought to coverage change from an strategy targeted on particular person resilience in the direction of one which centres id and relationships? Extra analysis is required to search out out.
Assertion of pursuits
Alex Lloyd – None.
Edited by
Dr Nina Higson-Sweeney
Hyperlinks
Major paper
Ceri Brown, Alison Douthwaite, Michael Donnelly, & Marnee Shay (2025). Related Belonging: A relational and id‐primarily based strategy to colleges’ function in selling youngster wellbeing. British Academic Analysis Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.4112
Different references
Donne, J. (1624). Devotions upon Emergent Events.
Finlay, J., Esposito, M., Kim, M. H., Gomez-Lopez, I., & Clarke, P. (2019). Closure of ‘third locations’? Exploring potential penalties for collective well being and wellbeing. Well being & Place, 60, 102225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102225
Stapley, E. (2018). Peer affect and danger taking behaviour throughout adolescence. The Psychological Elf.
Veenstra, R., & Laninga-Wijnen, L. (2022). Peer community research and interventions in adolescence. Present Opinion in Psychology, 44, 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.015
Photographs
